sqlite: isolate applyChangeset filter errors

[trivikr]

Fixes: #64822

When an applyChangeset() filter callback throws,
ignore_next_sqlite_error_ is set. Returning false from xFilter is not
itself a SQLite error, so sqlite3changeset_apply() can return SQLITE_OK
without consuming the flag. The next unrelated SQLite error is then
silently suppressed.

This change keeps filter callback failure state local to the
applyChangeset() invocation.

---

Assisted-by: codex:gpt-5.6-sol

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/sqlite

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 80.00000% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 90.15%. Comparing base (f8f8aa2) to head (927eaf5).
⚠️ Report is 9 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/node_sqlite.cc	80.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #64823      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   90.14%   90.15%   +0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         746      746              
  Lines      242818   242818              
  Branches    45765    45765              
==========================================
+ Hits       218884   218920      +36     
+ Misses      15417    15384      -33     
+ Partials     8517     8514       -3     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/node_sqlite.cc	80.67% <80.00%> (ø)

... and 30 files with indirect coverage changes

🚀 New features to boost your workflow:

• ❄️ Test Analytics: Detect flaky tests, report on failures, and find test suite problems.
• 📦 JS Bundle Analysis: Save yourself from yourself by tracking and limiting bundle sizes in JS merges.